| relig. |
Иннокентий I (Pope from 401 to 417 who condemned Pelagianism, a heresy concerning the role of grace and free will); Иннокентий II (Pope from 1130 to 1143. He fought for church independence when the Romans established a commune with a senate free from papal authority); Иннокентий III (Pope from 1198 to 1216, under whom the medieval papacy reached the height of its prestige and power); Иннокентий IV (One of the great pontiffs of the Middle Ages - reigned 1243-54 - whose clash with Holy Roman emperor Frederick II formed an important chapter in the conflict between papacy and empire); Иннокентий V (Pope during 1276, the first Dominican pontiff. He collaborated with SS. Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas in drafting a rule of studies for the Dominican order. During his short pontificate, Innocent V continued Gregory's efforts to initiate a crusade, reunite the Greek and Roman churches, and pacify Italy's warring states); Иннокентий VI (Pope from 1352 to 1362. As Pope, he prohibited the granting of innumerable benefices to one recipient, urged prelates to reside in their sees, and reformed the papal Curia at Avignon); Иннокентий VII (Pope from 1404 to 1406 who died in the midst of plans to restore the Roman University); Иннокентий VIII (Pope from 1484 to 1492. Generally regarded as unworthy and of low private morals, Innocent left the Papal States in anarchy); Иннокентий IX (Pope from October 29 to December 30, 1591. He assumed practically all administration under the ailing Pope Gregory XIV, whom he was chosen to succeed as Pope); Иннокентий X (Pope from 1644 to 1655. In theological matters he intervened in the quarrel between the Jesuits and the Jansenists. By the time of Innocent's death, papal prestige had seriously declined); Иннокентий XI (Pope from 1676 to 1689. He is considered the outstanding Pope of the 17th century, largely because of his high moral character); Иннокентий XII (Pope from 1691 to 1700. In 1693 he broke the politico-religious deadlock between King Louis XIV of France and the Holy See by influencing Louis to disavow the four Gallican Articles of 1682 issued against Innocent XI) |
