| Chinese | English |
| 一部分煤气被一些工厂燃烧以提供过程热、结果导致现场二氧化碳排放量进一步增加、而其他工厂可能用电或其他能源作为替代 | Some plants will combust a portion of the gas supply to provide process heat leading to farther onsite CO₂ emissions, while others may employ electricity or other sources of energy as an |
| 上游原材料供应和硝酸铵生产、以及炸药在矿区的最终用途、是考虑的内容 | Upstream raw material supply and ammonium nitrate manufacture are considered, together with the end-use of explosives on mine sites |
| 世纪其他国家就没有可以与爱迪生相比的发明家 | Other counties had no inventor to compare with Edison last century. 20 |
| 以严词谴责 | fulminate |
| 以…为中心 | centre |
| 以…为方向的 | oriented |
| 以云遮蔽 | cloud |
| 以人为本 | human-centered |
| 以内插值替换的 | interpolated |
| 以前的 | fore |
| 以压倒优胜获胜 | landslide |
| 以尺计算长度 | footage |
| 以环联结 | loop |
| 以百分比表示的坡度 | percentage gradient |
| 以线条标示 | line |
| 以铝处理 | aluminized (aluminize 的过去式和过去分词) |
| 以铝覆盖 | aluminized |
| 以降调唱或奏 | flat |
| 使用电子延迟顺序可以增加5 - 10个百分点的抛掷量、且不必增加炸药能量或其他爆破投人 | An increased throw of the order of 5 - 10 percentage points may be obtained through the use of electronic delay sequences, without any increase in explosives energy or other blast inputs |
| 供以水 | water |
| 供以燃料 | fuel |
| 促成超压强度的主要爆破参数是每次延时的装药量以及药包裸露于大气的程度、或者说药包的埋深 | The primary design-parameters which contribute to the intensity of overpressure are the charge weight per delay and the extent of exposure of the charges to the atmosphere, that is,the depth of burial of the charges |
| 冲击波压力损失与炸药的爆炸压力有关、可以通过计算炸药的密度和爆速来估算。因此、炸药的冲击波压力损失的测定可以通过实验引人一些诸如温度、静态和动态预压及导爆索支线等变量来确定 | The shock pressure loss is related to the explosive's detonation prepressure, which can be estimated by knowing the density and detonation velocity of the explosive. Therefore, the SLF for a test explosive can be experimentally determined by introducing in the test certain additional variables, such as temperature,static and dynamic pre-compression and detonating cord downline |
| 加大装药的比例、以提高工程爆破的效力 | augment the effect of an engineering blast by raising the proportion of charged explosive |
| 务必保证最终产品足以敏化、才可保证高阶爆轰 | Care must be taken to insure that the final product is adequately sensitized to insure high-order detonation |
| 只有一些规则可以用于这种情况 | Only some rules can be applied to this case |
| 可以接受的 | accepted |
| 哥伦布希望通过环球航行以推翻地球是平的理论 | Columbus hoped to explode the theory that the explode is flat by sailing round the globe |
| 围以墙 | wall |
| 在…上覆以薄膜 | film |
| 在…中掺以杂质 | alloy |
| 表示领域,范围在…以内 | in |
| 在有多重共线性的情况下、就会出现多余的自变量、这样会使自变量对应变量产生错误影响。多重共线性是否存在、可以通过对自变量的方差膨胀因子的计算来检验 | In the presence of multicollinearity,redundancy of the independent variables exists, which can lead to erroneous effects by the independent variables on the dependent variable. The existence of multicollinearity can be checked from a calculation of the variance inflation factor VIF of the independent variables |
| 在爆破中产生飞石所消耗的能量低于传递给岩石全部能量的1%、因此以这种形式浪费的爆炸能可以说微不足道 | The energy spent in creating flyrock during blasting is less than 1 % of the total energy transferred to the rock, hence the wastage of explosive energy in this form maybe insignificant |
| 在这两个极端之间、我们可以找到最大抛掷距离 | Between these two extremes, a maximum throw distance may be expected |
| 在金属外覆以另一种金属 | clad |
| 地面以上结构 | surface structure |
| 多重共线性指的是两个或两个以上自变量之间的高度线性相关性 | multicollinearity refers to a high degree of linear correlation between two or more independent variables |
| 委以责任 | charge |
| 孔内延时起爆药是放在炮孔内与导火索用在一起的起爆装置、以起爆各层非雷管起爆炸药 | Slider primers are in-the-hole delay initiating devices used with detonation cords to prime individual decks of non-cap sensitive explosive |
| 对实地数据进行分析,以确定飞石距离和爆破设计参数之间的相互关系 | Field data are analyzed to determine the correlation between flyrock distances and the blast design parameters |
| 对所预测的碎岩粒度分布的粗端往往给以过高估计、这是因为碎岩最大粒度不受模型中岩体结构的影响 | The coarse end of the predicted fragmentation size distribution is often over-estimated because the fragment top size is not influenced by the structure of the rock mass in the model |
| 岩石爆破中由飞石造成的人身危险及财产损失,自采用爆破技术以来,一直是个严重问题 | Danger and damage from flyrock in rock blasting has been a serious problem ever since blasting was introduced |
| 岩石爆破文献记录了 20 世纪下半叶人们以爆破手段预测破岩而不断付出的努力 | Rock blasting literature documents sustained attempts over the latter half of the 20th century to predict the fragmentation of rock by blasting |
| 平均重量以下的 | lightweight |
| 建议采用以总的碳含量为基础的初始标准法、以避免理想爆轰法规的局限性和人为条例 | In this regard, recommendations are made to adopt an initial standard approach based on total carbon content, avoiding limitations and artifacts of ideal detonation codes |
| 很多专家以前的研究也表明、如果单位炸药消耗量小于临界值、飞石现象是可以避免的 | Previous studies by many experts also show that flyrock can be avoided if the powder factor is smaller than a critical value。 |
| 很多实地操作人员把这种求导岩石系数的方法广泛应用于爆破剂破岩研究之中、并证明应用这种方法可以合理地估算所需的爆破强度以及诸多爆破环境下岩石的最终平均过筛粒度 | This approach to the derivation of rock factors has been used by many field operators in a wide range of blasting and fragmentation studies and has been shown to lead to a reasonable estimate of the required blasting intensity and the resulting mean passing size in a wide range of blasting environments |
| 所有对环境造成影响的排放、从原料开采一直到最后的处理的整个生产周期、都要予以量化 | All emissions with the potential to cause environmental impacts are quantified along the entire life cycle from raw material extraction through to final disposal |
| 打那以后,老奶奶和小孙子就相依为命 | The old grandmother and the grandson have been bound up in each other since then |
| 挪威掏槽与楔形掏槽相比、可以提供更可靠的每次爆破的进度 | The Norwegian cut can provide more dependable advance per round than the plough cut。 |
| 接以三角片 | gusset |
| 摩擦可以生火 | Fire can be produced by friction |
| 星星之火、可以燎原 | A single sparkle can start a prairie |
| 本文介绍将爆炸破碎粒度分布估计在 1 微米的方法、以便在各种岩石爆破时、对空气中有可能产生的可呼吸的浮尘作以定量比较 | This paper describes an approach to the estimation of blast fragmentation size distributions down to 1 micron so that quantitative comparisons can be made of the likely generation of air-borne, inhalable and respirable dust when different types of rock are blasted |
| 本文建议使用爆破气体释放标准以保护海洋哺乳动物、并介绍了在水下施工爆破邻近区域探测海洋哺乳动物的优选方法 | blast emission criteria are recommended for the protection of marine mammals, a preferred method described far the detection of marine mammals in the vicinity of underwater construction blasting,in this paper |
| 本文的以下部分除详细分析了有关数据以及自变量之间的关系外、还简短探讨了自变量和常量 | The remainder of this paper is intended to make a brief discussion of independent variables and constants as well as a detailed analysis of the relevant data and relationship between the independent variables involved |
| 本研究针对两种岩石、以便将岩体特性的变化趋于最小、并能分析爆破设计参数如炮泥、抵抗线和单位炸药消耗等的影响 | This study is restricted to the two types of rock so that the variations in rock mass properties are minimized and the influence of blast design parameters stemming, burden and specific charge on fly rock distance could be analyzed |
| 正是涌人大气的爆生气体、其最后的合成、其实难以准确定论 | The exact final composition of detonation gases emitted to atmosphere is actually difficult to determine with certainty |
| 此外、对爆生气体的实地测量受上述所有因素变化无常的影响、所以测量结果是一组范围值 | Furthermore, field measurements of detonation gases are subject to variability in all the factors mentioned before, and at best could provide a certain range of results |
| 此问题开始以新的形式出现 | This issue begins to assume a new form |
| 气体的形成在很大程度上取决于诸多因素、如现场实际爆轰条件、岩石类型、炮孔直径、有没有水以及炸药在炮孔中是否均匀等 | The gas composition is strongly dependent on many factors such as actual field detonation conditions, rock type,hole diameter,water presence,product homogeneity in the hole |
| 气候学家预测、包括冰层大规模融化在内的可怕后果、改变了区域性气候类型、正在引发更为强劲的热浪、旱涝、热带疾病的蔓延以及海平面的最终上升 | Climate scientists predict dire consequences including extensive melting of ice sheets, changed regional weather patterns causing more intense heat waves, droughts and floods, the spread of tropical diseases and eventual rises in sea level |
| 水在零度以下会变成冰 | Water changes to ice below the zero temperature |
| 然而、必须注意的是、不管什么生物燃料、其所谓的碳中和性的程度、则随着这种植物的种植、施肥、收割、运输和加工方法、以及能量输人要求的变化而变化 | It must be noted, however, that the extent of so-called" carbon neutrality"of any biofuel varies according to the crop cultivation fertilization,harvesting, transport and processing methods and energy input requirements |
| 然而、必须注意的是、不管什么生物燃料、其所谓的碳中和性的程度、则随着这种植物的种植、施肥、收割、运输和加工方法、以及能量输人要求的变化而变化 | It must be noted, however, that the extent of so-called" carbon neutrality"of any biofuel varies according to the crop cultivation fertilization, harvesting, transport and processing methods and energy input requirements |
| 爆破专家必须以精湛的技术从事爆破作业 | Biasing experts have to place their operations within the bounds of fine techniques |
| 爆破中所用的炮泥类型和分量以及对阶梯地形的处理、会大大地影响抛向空中的物质的多寡、因此也大大地影响一次爆破中可能喷出的飞尘比例 | The type and adequacy of the stemming material used and the management of progressive relief during detonation have a strong influence on the amount of material thrown into the air and hence the proportion of dust likely to be emit ted from a blast |
| 爆破人员应该始终遵循炸药厂家所推荐的起爆程序、以确保所用炸药的最大爆速 | Blasters should always ensure a maximum velocity of the explosives to be used by following the priming procedures recommended by the explosives manufacturers |
| 爆破效果在很大程度上取决于炸药的类型和数量以及炮泥的类型和数量 | The blasting effect depends to a great extent on the type and amount of both explosives and stemming |
| 生命周期在过去的十年、是用以量化所有环境影响的标准方法、涉及产品的整个生命周期和过程 | L-Cycle Assessment LCA has been the standard methodology far quantifying all environmental impacts associated with the entire life cycle of products and processes for over a decade |
| 由于对爆破影响最大的因素是地质、所以复杂的地质结构会使小规模的岩石爆破成为真正的爆破设计难题 | Since the factor having the greatest influence over blasting is geology, complex geologic structures can make small fragmentation a true blast design challenge |
| 由于有降低成本的需要、重视矿工的健康和安全的问题以及随着毕业生技术水平的日渐提高、导致我们在20世纪的80年代末和90年代初越来越关注炸药技术的应用 | An ongoing need to reduce costs, and an increasing emphasis on the health and safety of mineworkers,together with the growing influence of technically skilled graduates resulted in increased attention being paid to explosives technologies during the late eighties and early nineties of the previous century |
| 由于这种带有根本性的反应驱动爆轰过程、所以是不可避免的 | Since this fundamental reaction drives the detonation process it cannot be avoided |
| 盖以硬皮 | crust |
| 直到今天、炸药和爆破温室气体问题尚未在文献中予以充分考虑、而且尚未成为爆破破岩程序的主题 | To date, the issue of GHGs from explosives and blasting has not been given wide consideration in the literature and has not been a subject of the fragblast proceedings |
| 研究表明、与同样装药重量的裸露爆破相比、这样的爆破可使压力波释放威力降低90%以上 | Studies have shown that such blasts have a greater than 90% diminution in the strength of the pressure wave released, compared with unconfined blasts of the same charge weight |
| 给某人加以莫须有的罪名 | make a false charge against somebody |
| 给湿孔装药时,用以控制炸药密度和感度的化学气泡法是爆破作业一种常见的方法 | chemical gassing to control product density and sensitivity when loading wet holes is now common in the industry |
| 而且、非理想爆轰包括反应不完全、不平衡以及反应区内、外的复杂反应流和膨胀。假设中的理想爆轰则完全没有这些因素 | Furthermore, nonideal detonation involves incomplete reactions, non-equilibrium and complex reactive flow and expansion within and beyond the reaction zone. All these conditions are entirely excluded from ideal code calculations |
| 自然规律不以人的意志起作用 | The law of nature acts in ways independent of man's will |
| 虽说采矿现场爆炸的实际气体释放量要小一些、但由于气体释放量随着爆炸条件的变化而变化、所以依然是个问题、而且难以准确予以量化 | Though of a lesser magnitude, the actual mine site emissions from detonation may be problematic as they could vary according to detonation conditions and are difficult to quantify precisely |
| 要想评价气象影响、务必要知道地面上空并且最好在900 米以上的大气温度和风速 | Evaluations of meteorological effects require that the air temperature and wind velocity be known at levels above the ground,preferably up to 900 metres |
| 覆以… | capped |
| 评估空气振动能级受气象效应影响的程度、需要测量或评定地面的以及地面上空的温度、风速和风向 | An of the degree to which air vibration levels will be affected by the effects of meteorology requires that temperature, wind speed and wind direction be measured or evaluated both at the surface and at levels above the ground |
| 调查结果表明、飞石事故是由以下一个以上的因素促成的: 地质及岩石结构的非连续性、炮孔布置和装药量不适当、抵抗线不足、炸药能量高度集中、填塞不足 | Investigations of flyrock accidents have revealed one or more of the following contributing factors: I discontinuity in the geology and rock structure,II improper blast hole layout and loading, III insufficient burden, IV very high explosive concentration, and V inadequate stemming |
| 近来、人们把研究的重点大多放在破碎曲线的细端、以探索爆破的潜力、因为爆破的结果会影响到含金属矿石随后的粉碎和加工制造过程 | More recent focus has been provided on the finer end of the fragmentation curve to explore the potential of blasting to influence the subsequent crushing and nulling performance of metalliferous ores |
| 近来的研究提供了更为准确的气象数据、可以用来预测和评价诸如噪声、飞尘抑制、气体排放以及冲击波超压等对环境的影响 | Recent research has provided more accurate meteorological data that may be used for the prediction and assessment of environmental effects such as noise, dust control, and gaseous emission as well as airblast overpressure |
| 这些制约着地下煤开采水平的混杂因素以及影响整个开采过程的地质因素、技术因素和经济因素复杂关系之间的相互作用、已在上文作了详细探讨 | The motley of factors that constrain the level of recovery in underground extraction of coal and the complex interplay of geologic, technologic and economic factors affection the overall recovery process have been discussed above in detail |
| 这些颗粒溶解后、多孔颗粒中封闭的空气得以释放、且不再有使炸药敏化的效力。此外、溶解后的硝铵与水一起处于液态、在爆轰时不再具有起反应的效力 | When the prills dissolve, the air entrapped inside the porous prills is released and is no longer available to sensitize the composition. Also, the dissolved ammonium nitrate stays in solution with water and is no longer available to react in the detonation |
| 造成这种问题的原因是嫌成本高、要求的技术难度大、以及供货商的态度 | Among the reasons for this were the perceived higher cost, the greater sophistication required, and supplier attitudes |
| 采用立井、斜井、平碉等任何两种或两种以上的井田开拓方式 | combined development |
| 针对不同催化剂系统的减量新技术已经开发出来,以大规模减少炸药厂家温室气体的总体排放 | New abatement technologies based on various catalyst systems have been developed to drastically reduce overall GHG emissions of explosive manufacturers |
| 镀铜的铁质脚线绝缘和识别条码有彩色标记、用以辨别每个延迟时段 | The copper-clad iron leg wire insulation and identifying bands are color-coded for identification of each delay period |
| 难以掘进的地段 | heavy ground |
| 露天爆破作业产生的飞石已对工作人员和居民造成严重伤亡、所以这是爆破人员始终关切的重大事情之一 | Flyrock from surface blasting operations has caused serious injury and death to employees and habitants,and it is always known as one of the major concerns far the blasters |
| 飞石产生的主要原因包括抵抗线不足、炮泥长度不够、钻孔不精确、单位炸药消耗量过多、地质条件不利露天节理、矿层不稳固和空穴、延时定时和序列不当、延时不精确、发生反向爆破、以及台阶上部岩石松散等 | The major causes of flyrock are inadequate burden, inadequate stemming length, drilling inaccuracy, excessive powder factor,unfavorable geological conditions open joints, weak seams and cavities, inappropriate delay timing and sequence, inaccuracy of delays, back break and loose rock on top of the bench |
