| formal |
этика информационно-психологических операций (Influence efforts should (1) seek legitimate outcomes, (2) be necessary to attain those outcomes, (3) employ means that are not harmful (or harm only those liable to harm), (4) have a high likelihood of success, and (5) should not generate second-order effects beyond what is intended. Efforts that do not wholly satisfy all criteria might still be justified, but only if the expected benefit substantially outweighs the likely harm.  rand.org Alex_Odeychuk) |
