炉外精炼设备(At first, we established the prediction models of tapping time and transporting time from basic oxygen furnace to the secondary refining plant. 首先，我们建立了出钢时间预测模型和由氧气顶吹转炉到二次精炼设备之间运输时间预测模型。)
二次精炼技术(With the advent of secondary refining techniques and the drive toward steels of significantly improved properties and quality, the tundish has become a tertiary refiner. 随着二次精炼技术的出现和大幅度提高钢的性能和质量的推动，中间包已变成了三次精炼器。)
二次炼钢操作(Ladle furnaces are among the most widely used pieces of equipment in secondary steelmaking operations and range from relatively simple retrofitted installations to elaborately designed facilities. 在炉外精炼操作中最广为使用的设备是钢包炉。钢包炉可以是简单改造的设备，也可以是精心设计的设备。)
