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| Russian | English |
| электрооптическое измерение расстояния | EDM (electro-optic distance measuring: Triangulation with precision theodolites was initially used, but the introduction of infrared and laser-based electro-optic distance measuring (EDM) devices in the early 1970s led to the use of trilateration, the principal survey-based slope monitoring system.  google.kz RudeGuy) |